以致
yǐ zhì HSK 6

English Meaning

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📚 Example Sentences

他疏忽大意,以致犯了严重错误。
Tā shūhū dàyì, yǐzhì fàn le yánzhòng cuòwù.
He was careless, so that he made a serious mistake.
沟通不畅,以致项目进度延迟。
Gōutōng bù chàng, yǐzhì xiàngmù jìndù yánchí.
Poor communication resulted in the project being delayed.
天气突变,以致航班被迫取消。
Tiānqì tūbiàn, yǐzhì hángbān bèipò qǔxiāo.
The sudden change in weather caused the flight to be canceled.
他太忙,以致没来。
Tā tài máng, yǐzhì méi lái.
He was too busy, so he didn't come.
雨太大,以致路滑。
Yǔ tài dà, yǐzhì lù huá.
The rain was too heavy, so the road was slippery.

💡 Memory Tip

Break it down: 以 (yǐ) means 'using' or 'by', and 致 (zhì) means 'to cause' or 'to result in'. Think: 'By doing X, it resulted in (a bad outcome) Y.' Associate it with formal cause-and-effect scenarios, like in news reports or historical analyses.

📝 Usage Notes

This word is primarily used in formal or written Chinese, such as in essays, reports, or literature. It is less common in casual spoken language. It is typically used to describe outcomes that are negative, unexpected, or regrettable, emphasizing the cause-and-effect relationship.

📖 Grammar Points

以致 is used to connect two clauses: [Cause/action], 以致 [negative result]. It often follows words indicating degree like 太 (tài, 'too'), 过于 (guòyú, 'excessively'), or 如此 (rúcǐ, 'so much'). The result clause usually describes something unintended or adverse.

🏯 Cultural Notes

In Chinese communication, using 以致 can add a tone of reflection or regret, often found in analytical or narrative writing to highlight consequences. It reflects a cultural emphasis on understanding the outcomes of one's actions.

🔄 Similar Words

Similar to 所以 (suǒyǐ, 'so/therefore') but 所以 is neutral and more common in speech, while 以致 emphasizes negative results. Also similar to 导致 (dǎozhì, 'to lead to/cause'), but 导致 is a verb meaning 'to cause', whereas 以致 is a conjunction linking clauses.

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